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Interpreting the Results of Intention-to-Treat, Per-Protocol, and As-Treated Analyses of Clinical Trials - PMC

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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Aug 3. Published in final edited form as: JAMA. 2021 Aug 3;326(5):433–434. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.2825 Nonadherence in a randomized clinical trial (RCT) occurs when study participants do not follow the randomly assigned treatment protocol. Reasons for nonadherence may include the study participant not taking trial medications, crossing over to the other intervention being studied, or accessing treatment outside of the trial. Nonadherence also may occur when the clinician is unable to complete the assigned therapy (eg, a surgical procedure) as…

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