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Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and staging of esophageal cancer - UpToDate

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Squamous cell carcinoma (ЅCС) and adenocarcinoma account for over 95 percent of esophageal malignant tumors. For most of the 20th century, SСC predominated. In the 1960s, ЅCC accounted for more than 90 percent of esophageal tumors in the United States, and adenocarcinomas were considered so uncommon that some authorities questioned their existence. However, over time, the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (predominantly arising in the distal esophagus and esophagogastric junction [ЕGЈ]) has increased dramatically in Western countries such that adenocarcinoma now accounts for >60 percent of all esophageal cancers in the United States [1]. In contrast, worldwide, SСC still predominates [2]. (See "Epidemiology and risk factors for esophageal cancer".) Esophageal SCCs and adenocarcinomas differ in a number of features, including tumor location and predisposing factors (table 1). Smoking and alcohol are major risk factors for ЅСС, while Barrett's esophagus (BE) with intestinal metaplas

Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and staging of esophageal cancer Authors:John R Saltzman, MD, MASGE, FACG, AGAF, FACPMichael K Gibson, MD, PhD, FACPUma M Sachdeva, MD, PhD Section Editor:Lowell Schnipper, MD Deputy Editor:Sonali M Shah, MD Literature review current through: Aug 2026. This topic last updated: Sep 02, 2025. INTRODUCTION Most esophageal cancers (over 95 percent) are either squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) or adenocarcinoma. SCC is the most common histology of esophageal cancer seen globally [1]. However, adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction (GEJ),…

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