Predictive coding: a more cognitive process than we thought? - PMC

In predictive coding (PC), higher-order brain areas generate predictions that are sent to lower-order sensory areas. Top-down predictions are compared to bottom-up sensory data, and mismatches evoke prediction errors. In PC, the prediction errors ...

Trends Cogn Sci . Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Feb 20. Published in final edited form as: Trends Cogn Sci. 2025 Feb 20;29(7):627–640. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2025.01.012 Predictive coding: a more cognitive process than we thought? Kaitlyn M Gabhart Kaitlyn M Gabhart 1 Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA Find articles by Kaitlyn M Gabhart 1 , Yihan (Sophy) Xiong Yihan (Sophy) Xiong 1 Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA Find articles by Yihan (Sophy) Xiong 1 , André M Bastos André M Bastos 1 Department of Psychology, Vander

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