flâneur

Zhi Zhang

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on the atlas — 58

highlights — 33

  • So what was it that made brains originally arise in biological evolution? Perhaps it had to do with giving animals a way to decide where to go next as they moved around. (Plants, which don’t move around, don’t have brains.) And perhaps it’s because animals can’t “go in more than one direction at once” that brains seem to have the fundamental feature of generating a single stream of decisions. And, yes, this is probably why we have a single thread of “conscious experience”, rather than a whole collection of experiences associated with the activities of all our neurons.
    What If We Had Bigger Brains? Imagining Minds beyond Ours—Stephen Wolfram Writings
  • The main advantage of using an immortal cell line for research is its immortality
    Immortalised_cell_line?useskin=vector
  • The composition of Mars and Moon crusts have been highly studied and characterized. This allowed the preparation of several Martian and lunar analogue materials, which can be used to test if they could provide good substrates for microbial growth and elemental extraction (Olsson-Francis and Cockell 2010).
    The smallest space miners: principles of space biomining - PMC
  • but some microbes may even perform their task better under microgravity conditions.
    Harnessing the Power of Microbes for Mining in Space - NASA
  • From a biomining perspective, the absence of oxygen constitutes a clear problem for those applications requiring aerobic microorganisms. The majority of bioleaching mechanisms elucidated so far occur in aerobic conditions. Nevertheless, anaerobic bioleaching has been demonstrated for some bacteria, although the mechanisms are not fully understood yet (Singh and Cameotra 2015). In anaerobic reductive dissolution, Fe3+ is used as electron acceptor. A. ferrooxidans, for instance, can catalyse the reduction of Fe3+ under anaerobic and acidic conditions, coupled with oxidation of a c-type cytochrom…
    The smallest space miners: principles of space biomining - PMC
  • Among the microorganisms that showed a higher resistance to space radiations we can find Chrooccocidiopsis (Cockell et al. 2005; Billi et al. 2019), Bacillus subtilis (Moeller et al. 2014; Ulrich et al. 2018; Nicholson and Ricco 2020) and Deinococcus radiodurans (Mattimore and Battista 1996; Minton 1996), and some fungi as Aspergillus niger (Cortesão et al. 2020). Many of these have been also tested for their biomining (Brandl et al. 1999; Rozas et al. 2017; Faraji et al. 2018; Giese et al. 2019) or biosorption (Liu et al. 2012; Jaafar et al. 2015) capacity, suggesting a possible role for biom…
    The smallest space miners: principles of space biomining - PMC
  • BioRock, a recent space biomining experiment mentioned above, showed no difference in final cell concentrations for three biomining bacterial species after 3 weeks of growth under terrestrial, Martian and micro-gravity (Santomartino et al. 2020).
    The smallest space miners: principles of space biomining - PMC
  • It has been reported that cells with a diameter of less than 10 µm, which is the case for bacteria, archaea and many fungi, are too small to be directly affected by gravity or the lack thereof (Pollard 1965; Horneck et al. 2010; Zea et al. 2017).
    The smallest space miners: principles of space biomining - PMC
  • It must be noted that many rocks in the Solar System would be regarded as low-grade ores, in respect to those considered suitable for mining on Earth (Cockell and Santomartino, in press). However, biomining on Earth is often used to process mine waste, dumps and tailings which cannot be easily treated by conventional methods
    The smallest space miners: principles of space biomining - PMC
  • Generally speaking, elements and molecules of interest for the establishment of a human settlements are water, molecular oxygen, essential mineral nutrients (e.g., potassium, sodium, calcium, phosphorus, sulphur), gaseous volatiles (e.g., hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, helium), structural metals such as iron, copper, nickel and vanadium, and elements useful for electronic devices such as silicon and REEs (Menezes et al. 2015a, b).
    The smallest space miners: principles of space biomining - PMC
  • I will not be in a situation where the perception of my influence and time doesn’t match the reality.
    OpenAI Email Archives (from Musk v. Altman) — LessWrong
  • However, billions of dollars spent on clinical trials for these conditions have mostly failed to deliver treatments that meaningfully slow cognitive decline.
    Bottlenecks of Aging — Amaranth Foundation
  • To interact with the environment, a framework has been identified to determine the components of any learning system: a reward function, incremental action value functions and action selection methods.
    Autodidacticism - Wikipedia
  • o interact with the environment, a framework has been identified to determine the components of any learning system: a reward function, incremental action value functions and action selection methods.
    Autodidacticism - Wikipedia
  • In many problems, a greedy strategy does not produce an optimal solution, but a greedy heuristic can yield locally optimal solutions that approximate a globally optimal solution in a reasonable amount of time.
    Greedy algorithm - Wikipedia
  • Hoogsteen pairs also allows formation of secondary structures of single stranded DNA and RNA G-rich called G-quadruplexes (G4-DNA and G4-RNA). Evidence exists for both in vitro and in vivo formation of G4s. Genomic G4s have been suggested to regulate gene transcription and at the RNA level inhibit protein synthesis through steric inhibition of ribosome function.
    Hoogsteen base pair - Wikipedia
  • Several groups are working on alternative "extra" base pairs to extend the genetic code, such as isoguanine and isocytosine or the fluorescent 2-amino-6-(2-thienyl)purine and pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde.
    Nucleobase - Wikipedia
  • Several stimulants are derived from xanthine, including caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine.[3][4]
    Xanthine - Wikipedia
  • In August 2011, a report, based on NASA studies with meteorites found on Earth, was published suggesting 2,6-diaminopurine and related organic molecules, including the DNA and RNA components adenine and guanine, may have been formed extraterrestrially in outer space.[3][4][5]
    2,6-Diaminopurine - Wikipedia
  • In biochemistry, allosteric regulation (or allosteric control) is the regulation of an enzyme by binding an effector molecule at a site other than the enzyme's active site.
    Allosteric regulation - Wikipedia
  • especially with G proteins.
    Nucleoside triphosphate - Wikipedia
  • Once these nucleoside analogues enter a cell, they can become phosphorylated by a viral enzyme. The resulting nucleotides are similar enough to the nucleotides used in DNA or RNA synthesis to be incorporated into growing DNA or RNA strands, but they do not have an available 3' OH group to attach the next nucleotide, causing chain termination.
    Nucleoside triphosphate - Wikipedia
  • The conversion of NTPs to dNTPs can only be done in the diphosphate form. Typically a NTP has one phosphate removed to become a NDP, then is converted to a dNDP by an enzyme called ribonucleotide reductase, then a phosphate is added back to give a dNTP.
    Nucleoside triphosphate - Wikipedia
  • Both purine and pyrimidine synthesis use phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) as a starting molecule
    Nucleoside triphosphate - Wikipedia
  • The release of PPi provides the energy necessary for the reaction to occur.
    Nucleoside triphosphate - Wikipedia
  • releasing the β- and γ-phosphate groups as pyrophosphate (PPi).[17] This results in a phosphodiester linkage between the two (d)NTPs.
    Nucleoside triphosphate - Wikipedia
  • AZT is a thymidine analogue. AZT works by selectively inhibiting HIV's reverse transcriptase, the enzyme that the virus uses to make a DNA copy of its RNA. Reverse transcription is necessary for production of HIV's double-stranded DNA, which would be subsequently integrated into the genetic material of the infected cell (where it is called a provirus).[40][41][42] Cellular enzymes convert AZT into the effective 5'-triphosphate form. Studies have shown that the termination of HIV's forming DNA chains is the specific factor in the inhibitory effect.[43] At very high doses, AZT's triphosphate for…
    Zidovudine - Wikipedia
  • t can scan the training data set systematically (t is 0, 1, 2...T-1, then repeat, T being the training sample's size), be randomly drawn from the data set (bootstrap sampling), or
    Self-organizing map - Wikipedia
  • nouvelles approches tel que le séquençage sur cellule unique, le séquençage d’acides nucléiques contenus dans les vésicules extracellulaires et le transcriptome spatial.
    I-Stem - Équipe de Recherche : eRIT
  • Elle développe des lignées cellulaires de très haute qualité pour les programmes de modélisation et de thérapie cellulaire avec un accent mis sur la mise au point de lignées invisibles pour le système immunitaire (Programme ANR Ghosting the Cell- GTC).
    I-Stem - Équipe de Recherche : eRIT
  • The researchers tested the attack on Stable Diffusion’s latest models and on an AI model they trained themselves from scratch. When they fed Stable Diffusion just 50 poisoned images of dogs and then prompted it to create images of dogs itself, the output started looking weird—creatures with too many limbs and cartoonish faces. With 300 poisoned samples, an attacker can manipulate Stable Diffusion to generate images of dogs to look like cats.
    This new data poisoning tool lets artists fight back against generative AI | MIT Technology Review
  • In Nix, .nix files are written in the Nix language, which is a functional and purely functional programming language. These files define package specifications, system configurations, build instructions, and other aspects related to managing software environments.
    Longueur de chaîne améliorée.
  • The EATR was programmed to consume certain types of vegetation as biomass to convert into fuel, and only those types of vegetation. EATR could also use other fuels such as gasoline, kerosene, cooking oil, or solar energy. The company also included "chicken fat" as one of its proposed fuel sources in the project overview.[5]
    Energetically Autonomous Tactical Robot - Wikipedia