Upgrading Ethereum | 2.3.3 LMD Ghost

A technical handbook on Ethereum's move to proof of stake and beyond.

Upgrading Ethereum | 2.3.3 LMD Ghost Part 2: Technical Overview Consensus LMD Ghost LMD GHOST is a fork choice rule used by nodes to determine the best chain. It assigns weights to branches based on votes from all active validators. LMD GHOST does not provide finality, but does support a confirmation rule. Slashing is used to solve the "nothing at stake" problem. Introduction In this section we will consider LMD GHOST in isolation, ignoring completely the Casper FFG finality overlay 1 . LMD GHOST is the essence of a consensus mechanism in itself – it is a fork choice rule, just as the heaviest

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