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Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and classification of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) - UpToDate

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INTRODUCTION Myelodysplastic syndromes/neoplasms (MDS) are a heterogeneous group of hematologic neoplasms characterized by clonal hematopoiesis, cytopenias (ie, anemia, neutropenia, and/or thrombocytopenia), and dysplastic cellular morphology. Patients may experience symptoms related to anemia, infection, bleeding, and other complications of MDS, including variable rates of transformation to acute myeloid leukemia or bone marrow failure. The natural history, preferred treatments, and prognosis are associated with clinical and pathologic features that are used to diagnose and classify subtypes of MDS. The epidemiology, clinical manifestations, pathologic features, diagnosis, and classification of MDS are reviewed in this topic. Cytogenetic/genetic findings, pathophysiology, prognosis, and an overview of treatment of MDS are discussed separately. ● (See "Cytogenetics, molecular genetics, and pathophysiology of myelodysplastic syndromes/neoplasms (MDS)".) ● (See "Prognosis of myelodysplas

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