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PI3K/Akt signaling transduction pathway, erythropoiesis and glycolysis in hypoxia (Review)

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Copyright: © Xie et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License. The PI3K/Akt pathway is an intracellular signaling pathway of great importance in the cell cycle process. It is associated with cellular quiescence, proliferation, cancer and longevity. PI3K activation phosphorylates and further activates Akt, which localizes to the cellular membrane (1). Activated Akt fulfills various biological functions, including activating cAMP-response element binding protein (2), inhibiting p27 (3), localizing forkhead box protein O (FOXO) in the cytoplasm (3), activating phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns3 ps or PI3P) (4) and activating mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) (3). It has been identified that the PI3K/Akt pathway can be enhanced by several biological molecules, including epidermal growth factor (EGF) (5), sonic hedgehog (2), insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 (2), insulin (3) and calmodulin (4). Conversely, this pathway

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