flâneur

Elena Churilov

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on the atlas — 26

highlights — 56

  • In practice, physical restraints were used at dif ferent rates depending on the superintendent and physicians. Isaac Bonsall, the Asylum’ s first superintendent from 1817-1823, did not hesitate to use restraints whenever patients were destructive or noisy . Despite the Asylum’ s preference for methods of non-restraint, physical restraint was used liberally during this time compared to later years. By contrast, Thomas Kirkbride, resident physician at Friends Asylum in 1832 and later resident physician at Pennsylvania Hospital in Philadelphia, frequently expressed abhorrence towards the use of p…
    Forgotten Practices in Early Psychiatry: Racism at Friends Asylum in the Pre-Civil War Era, 1817-1861
  • Early Quakers were accused of insanity because of their radical religious ideas and their ecstatic mode of worship. Quaker theology, especially the idea that everyone had access to that of God within them , and therefore did not need to rely on external authority like priests , was very radical . The Quaker way of worship was also alarming . Early Friends interrupted church services to argue with priests, shook and cried during Meeting for Worship, and even wandered naked through the streets decrying sinfulness. 2 Quakers performed these actions because they felt led to do so by that of God wi…
    17acorcoran.pdf
  • While there was some concern that religious books might cause or exacerbate religious fervor, in their library for patients, Friends Hospital maintained a selection of Quaker books, hoping these would provide comfort to their patients.[9],[10] Interestingly, Quaker patients were allowed to attend the local Frankford Friends Meeting for weekly worship. Ruth Scott,[11] admitted in 1822 as incoherent and delusional, often had religious delusions. She regularly attended Frankford Meeting, though Superintendent Isaac Bonsall writes that she was not “in a suitable state of mind to go.”[12] At one po…
    Types of Mental Illness | Quakers & Mental Health
  • The Quakers who were involved in starting and managing the Friends' Asylum nearly all became Orthodox Quakers in the split. Their roles as leaders of the Friends' Asylum indicated that they held a privileged position in the Quaker community, which made them more likely to become Orthodox Quakers. Their place on the top of the Quaker hierarchy gave them a particular viewpoint on insanity. Historian Patricia D’Antonio argued that the Orthodox Quakers were “less tolerant of behavioral eccentricities than… their Hicksite brethren” (50). Some of these eccentricities were probably related to mental …
    Mental Health and Quaker Theology | Quakers & Mental Health
  • The juxtaposition of restraints and seclusion with the Asylum’s commitment to kindness and compassion was a challenge that the Asylum never found a direct solution to until the 1850s when the institution transitioned to a medical model.
    Moral treatment | Quakers & Mental Health
  • The crew were commonly pleased to have a woman aboard. Wives often served as nurses, a valuable role in a place where sickness and injury, some severe, were common. Women also had a calming effect on the seagoing male society; their presence made it more likely holidays would be observed, and if the captain punished a crew member, he might do so less harshly.
    Remembering    Long    Island    Ladies   Who    Took    to    Sea  - THE WHALING MUSEUM
  • A whaling wife on board would still spend her time waiting - not for her husband’s return, but instead for the ship to fill up with oil. She would not take part in the whaling process, other than casually spotting a whale; instead she would fill her days educating her children, reading, washing clothes, sewing, writing in her diary, and cross-stitching while confined in cramped quarters to pass the long hours. While a separate cook was hired to oversee meals for the crew, she may have prepared special treats. Some wives learned how to navigate, including Maria Cartwright Baldwin of Shelter Isl…
    Remembering    Long    Island    Ladies   Who    Took    to    Sea  - THE WHALING MUSEUM
  • By the 1850’s, one out of six whaleships carried the captain’s wife aboard. These vessels were nicknamed “hen frigates.”
    Remembering    Long    Island    Ladies   Who    Took    to    Sea  - THE WHALING MUSEUM
  • Abbe was a Harvard law student who took a turn on a whaler ‘for his health’. And as he mentioned above, he had taken to tutoring other members of the crew in reading and mathematics (sometimes of his own volition and sometimes requested to by Mrs. Wilson). He’d also spend the idle hours of watches reading books aloud to everyone, and making up stories of his own by weaving together different plots of classical literature. The captain, for a time, liked him too. He’d take him aside to give him lessons in navigation, and both he and Mrs. Wilson would sometimes give Abbe private information about…
    Whaling Wives — Silas J. Costello
  • The wonderful scholar Joan Druett compiled a preliminary list (in the 1990s) of all known women aboard whaling vessels. She found 443 women for a total of 664 voyages. 4 of those women were those who disguised themselves as whalemen and signed on as such (and are only known because their identities were eventually discovered, so there may have been more than record shows), some other women of that 443 figure were the daughters of captains or the wives of mates, but the majority were the wives of captains.
    Whaling Wives — Silas J. Costello
  • Over the course of 10 voyages, Marian Smith (1866-1913) was an advanced navigator, log keeper, photographer, correspondent, and business partner of the Josephine. She even taught navigation to the boatsteerer, who grew to become a captain himself.
    Heroines - THE WHALING MUSEUM
  • Charity Norton of New Bedford passed Cape Horn six times, sailing with her husband on every one of his voyages, the first being in 1848. According to legend, the ships owners requested her presence to soften her husband’s personality, who one seaman said was “the hardest of the lot.” When she saw him preparing to whip crew members for trying to desert, she said, “John, what is thee doing?” He said, “Just giving them a few licks.” She said firmly: “John, thee is not.” And he didn’t.
    Heroines - THE WHALING MUSEUM
  • On the trip, she and 11 men fell ill with cholera. Benjamin paced the deck fraughtfully, too mortified to pull into port for medical help, reflecting “that some slanderous tongues might attribute a deviation from my regular course solely to the fact of my wife’s being on board. No! perish all first!”
    Heroines - THE WHALING MUSEUM
  • A resourceful woman, the steerage boy noted how “Mrs. Gray gathered a kind of tea that grows wild” in the Falklands and “went afishing and agunning,” feeding them all with fish and 16 rabbits.
    Heroines - THE WHALING MUSEUM
  • Julia Ann Shelton was the talented daughter of a leading black family in San Francisco, where she met her husband, William Shorey, the only black captain on the west coast at the time. She spent her honeymoon on his next whaling voyage, and would continue to sail with her children. She poses here with her family at the turn of the century.
    Heroines - THE WHALING MUSEUM
  • ​Whaling wives broke social barriers by joining their husbands at sea for the first time. A number of captain’s wives broke boundaries by deciding to do what no woman had done before: join their husbands at sea.
    Heroines - THE WHALING MUSEUM
  • 11 And some return by failing light, And some in waking dream, For she hears the heels of the dripping ghosts That ride the rough roof-beam. 12 Home, they come home from all the ports, The living and the dead; The good wife’s sons come home again For her blessing on their head!
    The Sea-Wife – The Kipling Society
  • Rare for the time, Mott was among a group of single and married women, including Jane Fenn Hoskens and Elizabeth Fry, who traveled as part of their Quaker ministry.[22] She was described as a woman of "gentle and refined manners and of great force of character."[3] Her sermons emphasized the Quaker inward light or the presence of the Divine within every individual, as preached by Elias Hicks. Mott and her husband followed Hicks' theology, which became the focus of a schism among Quakers who divided into either Hicksite or Orthodox.[23] As a result, Mott served as clerk of Philadelphia Yearly M…
    Lucretia Mott - Wikipedia
  • Elias Hicks's Observations on the Slavery of Africans and Their Descendents, published in 1811, advocated a consumer boycott of slave-produced goods to remove the economic support for slavery
    Free-produce movement - Wikipedia
  • Quakers opposed slavery, and by about 1790 had eliminated slaveholding from among their membership. Radical Quakers such as Anthony Benezet and John Woolman went further, voicing their opinion that purchasers of slave-derived goods were guilty of keeping the institution of slavery economically feasible. They argued for a moral and economic boycott of slave-derived goods. The concept proved attractive because it offered a non-violent method of combating slavery.[4]
    Free-produce movement - Wikipedia
  • Douglass's friends and mentors feared that the publicity would draw the attention of his ex-owner, Hugh Auld, who might try to get his "property" back. They encouraged Douglass to tour Ireland, as many former slaves had done. Douglass set sail on the Cambria for Liverpool, England, on August 16, 1845. He traveled in Ireland as the Great Famine was beginning.
    Frederick Douglass - Wikipedia
  • Between 1850 and 1860, following the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, professional bounty hunters began swarming through Northern states searching for missing enslaved people. In response, vigilance committees were set up in several places in the North to assist the escaped enslaved people. For example, Gerrit Smith called the Fugitive Slave Convention of 1850 "on behalf of the New York State Vigilance Committee."[4] Many such committees were integral parts of the Underground Railroad.[5]
    Vigilance committee - Wikipedia
  • In New Bedford, Massachusetts, freedom seekers stowed away on ships leaving the docks with the assistance of Black and white crewmembers and hid in the ships' cargoes during their journey to freedom.[72]
    Underground Railroad - Wikipedia
  • To reduce the risk of infiltration, many people associated with the Underground Railroad knew only their part of the operation and not of the whole scheme. "Conductors" led or transported the "passengers" from station to station. A conductor sometimes pretended to be enslaved to enter a plantation. Once a part of a plantation, the conductor would direct the runaways to the North. Enslaved people traveled at night, about 10–20 miles (16–32 km) to each station. They rested, and then a message was sent to the next station to let the station master know the escapees were on their way. They would s…
    Underground Railroad - Wikipedia
  • Believing that slavery was "contrary to the ethics of Jesus", Christian congregations and clergy played a role, especially the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), Congregationalists, Wesleyan Methodists, and Reformed Presbyterians, as well as the anti-slavery branches of mainstream denominations which entered into schism over the issue, such as the Methodist Episcopal Church and the Baptists.[52]
    Underground Railroad - Wikipedia
  • Members of the Underground Railroad often used specific terms, based on the metaphor of the railway. For example: People who helped fugitive slaves find the railroad were "agents" Guides were known as "conductors" Hiding places were "stations" or "way stations" "Station masters" hid escaping slaves in their homes People escaping slavery were referred to as "passengers" or "cargo" Fugitive slaves would obtain a "ticket" Similar to common gospel lore, the "wheels would keep on turning" Financial benefactors of the Railroad were known as "stockholders"[22] Promised Land – code word for Canada Riv…
    Underground Railroad - Wikipedia
  • Frederick Douglass arrived in New Bedford in 1838 as a fugitive slave, who found that his ability to earn money was limited based upon the color of his skin. Initially, although qualified to do jobs requiring special skills, he was only able to obtain work of common laborers—digging, cleaning, chopping wood, and loading and unloading ships—at half the rate of pay.[2] He then obtained a steady job working among white men at a whale oil refinery. He became a moving orator, informing his audience about the horrors of slavery.[2]
    Abolitionism in New Bedford, Massachusetts - Wikipedia
  • Churches were generally segregated. For instance, by the mid-1800s, the only known black person to be admitted to a Quaker church in southeastern Massachusetts was Paul Cuffe. Frederick Douglass felt uncomfortable in white churches and joined the African Methodist Episcopal Church.[2]
    Abolitionism in New Bedford, Massachusetts - Wikipedia
  • By 1848, one in six crew members on whaling ships were black, according to Michael Dyer of the New Bedford Whaling Museum.
    Abolitionism in New Bedford, Massachusetts - Wikipedia
  • Women of New Bedford set specific fundraising goals for their anti-slavery efforts, one of which was to purchase women who were going to be sold into sexual slavery.[2]
    Abolitionism in New Bedford, Massachusetts - Wikipedia
  • In the 19th century, New Bedford had among the country's highest concentrations of wealth, due to the lucrative whaling industry that supplied markets around the world with sperm whale oil. It was a superior form of oil for lanterns and New Bedford became known as "the city that lit the world".[5]
    Abolitionism in New Bedford, Massachusetts - Wikipedia
  • At the end of 1853, New Bedford had the highest percentage of African Americans of any city in the Northeastern United States.
    Abolitionism in New Bedford, Massachusetts - Wikipedia
  • Abolitionism in New Bedford, Massachusetts, began with the opposition to slavery voiced by Quakers during the late 1820s, followed by African Americans forming the antislavery group New Bedford Union Society in 1833, and an integrated group of abolitionists forming the New Bedford Anti-Slavery Society a year later.[1] During the era New Bedford, Massachusetts, gained a reputation as a safe haven for fugitive slaves seeking freedom. Located on the East Coast of the United States, the town was becoming the "whaling capital of the world", where ships frequently returned to port, operated by crews…
    Abolitionism in New Bedford, Massachusetts - Wikipedia
  • A simple and sober building, it has separate entrances for men and women.
    New Bedford Meeting House - Wikipedia
  • Abolitionists Nathan and Polly Johnson, who lived next door to the older New Bedford Friends Meetinghouse, which is kitty cornered across an intersection from the current New Bedford Meetinghouse, hosted Frederick Douglass in 1838.
    New Bedford Meeting House - Wikipedia
  • The town of New Bedford became a sanctuary for fugitive slaves, aided by the Quakers.[4] The town became a major Underground Railroad station, due to the Quakers' belief in equality.[6] In 1834, a branch of the Anti-Slavery Society was found in New Bedford.[5] In his 1845 autobiography Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Frederick Douglass mentions two men who were members of New Bedford Monthly Meeting—William C. Taber and Joseph Ricketson [7]—because of their assistance in helping Douglass and his wife get to New Bedford from Newport, Rhode Island when he was escaping enslavement.
    New Bedford Meeting House - Wikipedia
  • Some Quakers in the Dartmouth and Nantucket area engaged in the whaling industry. Residents, like Charles W. Morgan, owned and captained whaling ships. Other industries that relied upon or supported the whaling industry were established, such as a candleworks that made candles out of whale oil.[4]
    New Bedford Meeting House - Wikipedia
  • The Quakers of New Bedford applied their principles of egalitarianism and community-building in their businesses.[28] On the boats, at the docks, at the factories, or in the shops—British, Wampanoag, Cape Verdean, Azorean, Irish, and West African hands found work in New Bedford.[26] New Bedford also became one of the first centers of abolitionism in North America, and an important stop on the Underground Railroad. Many people were attracted by New Bedford's relatively open-minded atmosphere.
    New Bedford, Massachusetts - Wikipedia
  • By 1850, whaling was in decline, as Nantucket's whaling industry had been surpassed by that of New Bedford. Another contributor to the decline was the silting up of the harbor, which prevented large whaling ships from entering and leaving the port, unlike New Bedford, which still owned a deep water port. In addition, the development of railroads made mainland whaling ports, such as New Bedford, more attractive because of the ease of transshipment of whale oil onto trains, an advantage unavailable to an island.[30] The onset of the California Gold Rush in 1849 further lured many of Nantucket’s …
    Nantucket - Wikipedia
  • In his 1835 history of Nantucket Island, Obed Macy wrote that in the early pre-1672 colony, a whale of the kind called "scragg" entered the harbor and was pursued and killed by the settlers.[25] This event started the Nantucket whaling industry. A. B. Van Deinse points out that the "scrag whale", described by P. Dudley in 1725 as one of the species hunted by early New England whalers, was almost certainly the gray whale, which has flourished on the west coast of North America in modern times with protection from whaling.[26][27]
    Nantucket - Wikipedia
  • The whaling industry went into decline after the 1859 discovery of petroleum in Pennsylvania. Each decade thenceforth saw a gradual decrease in whaling work, activity, and revenue.
    New Bedford, Massachusetts - Wikipedia
  • Ten thousand men worked in the whaling industry. During this period, New Bedford's population increased from approximately 4,000 in 1820 to about 24,000 in 1860.[26] At the height of the whaling industry in 1857, the harbor hosted 329 vessels worth over $12 million, and New Bedford became the richest city per capita in North America.[27]
    New Bedford, Massachusetts - Wikipedia
  • Although conditions on whaling vessels allowed for somewhat equal opportunity economically and socially, the time period warranted racism and discrimination on the vessels, and were often to the discretion of each captain.[41] In many instances a black or indigenous man could be a second mate, but be barred from social activities between other captains and second mates of another vessel.[18]
    Whaling in the United States - Wikipedia
  • In the Boston-Higganbothom house in Nantucket, Black women supplemented their husband's income by creating boarding houses, where other Black or indigenous whalers were able to stay.[40] This way Black women were able to create income, maintain their homes for their loved ones to return to, and build community with other whalers of color, and men of color would have a place to stay.[40]
    Whaling in the United States - Wikipedia
  • Several New England ships were lost during the 1860s and 1870s. During the American Civil War, Confederate raiders such as the Shenandoah, Alabama, and Florida captured or burned 46 ships, while the United States purchased forty of the fleet's oldest hulls. Known as the Stone Fleet, these ships were purchased to sink in Charleston and Savannah harbors in a failed attempt to blockade those ports.
    Whaling in the United States - Wikipedia
  • A whaleship typically had around 35 crew members.[43]
    Whaling in the United States - Wikipedia
  • Historically, members of the Episcopal Church have played leadership roles in many aspects of American life, including politics, business, science, the arts, and education.[15][16][17][18] About three-quarters of the signers of the Declaration of Independence were affiliated with the Episcopal Church, and over a quarter of all presidents of the United States have been Episcopalians.[19] Historically, Episcopalians were overrepresented among American scientific elite and Nobel Prize winners.[20][21] Numbers of the most wealthy and affluent American families, such as the Four Hundred, Boston Bra…
    Episcopal Church (United States)
  • When the American Civil War began in 1861, Episcopalians in the South formed the Protestant Episcopal Church in the Confederate States of America. However, in the North, the separation was never officially recognized. In particular, the Episcopalian communities in Pennsylvania supported free black communities and the Underground Railroad.[57][58]
    Episcopal Church (United States)
  • In 1856, the first society for African Americans in the Episcopal Church was founded by James Theodore Holly. Named The Protestant Episcopal Society for Promoting The Extension of The Church Among Colored People, the society argued that blacks should be allowed to participate in seminaries and diocesan conventions. The group lost its focus when Holly emigrated to Haiti, but other groups followed after the Civil War.
    Episcopal Church (United States)
  • Bowhead whales were first caught in 1847, and dominated the catch between 1852 and the late 1860s.[15] Between 1850 and 1853 the majority of the fleet went to the Bering Strait region to hunt bowheads, but intense competition, poor ice conditions, and declining catches forced the fleet back to the Sea of Okhotsk. From 1854 to 1856, an average of over 160 vessels cruised in the sea each year. As catches declined between 1858 and 1860 the fleet shifted back to the Bering Strait region.[16]
    Sea of Okhotsk - Wikipedia