Aishwarya Mahesh

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on the atlas — 27

highlights — 42

ransporting coal is such a huge business that it alone accounted for 33% of all income for the Indian Railways in 20236
Coal: What is it good for? - by Jash Vora
More broadly, ratepayers want reliable, affordable, and clean power, typically in that order. ERCOT, with its blessed geography, innovation-receptive “energy-only” markets, and relaxed interconnection policy, will be key to watch in order to see if, when, and how this is achieved with a decentralized grid. And successfully navigating this shift will, no doubt, result in significant economic growth.
Decentralizing the Electric Grid | Andreessen Horowitz
Around two-thirds of load is balanced by wholesale markets through (mostly) day-ahead auctions, where prices are determined by the cost of the last unit of power needed. Renewables, with no marginal cost, typically outbid others when active, leading to price volatility — extreme lows when renewables meet demand and spikes when costlier sources are needed (note: bid price is different from levelized cost of energy (LCOE).)
Decentralizing the Electric Grid | Andreessen Horowitz
Foundry Cloud Platform uses auction theory to set market-driven prices for reserved and spot compute based on real-time supply and demand. Whenever prices become too high, Foundry increases the overall GPU capacity of the platform, stabilizing the market.
Foundry Launches New Platform to Boost AI Compute Access and Efficiency for Developers
Commodities prices capitalize all available information – so it isn’t enough to know when the election was decided – you have to ask whether the outcome was anticipated.
How Did Oil and Gas Futures Markets React to the Election? – Energy Institute Blog
Google Cloud is Anthropic’s ‘preferred’ cloud partner—133or was, until Amazon took a minority stake worth up to $4B in the company.134 Google has also invested $300 million in Anthropic for a 10 percent stake. Google Cloud is also the preferred135 cloud partner for Cohere, which is in talks with Nvidia and others for funding
Computational Power and AI - AI Now Institute
He spends much of his time thinking about the next big opportunity, especially in technology, saying he enjoys thinking about the “new, new thing”. That next opportunity could be tied to the chip boom which is powering the rise of the huge AI models behind software such as ChatGPT. Wilson is investigating ways to potentially trade the asset — processing power or compute — which he said could become the world’s biggest commodity. “I had this thesis that total dollars spent on compute will exceed total dollars per year spent on crude oil in the next 10 years,” he said. “Does that mean that compu…
Is Chicago’s Don Wilson the smartest man in trading?
Google estimated that of the energy used in AI for training and inference, 60 percent goes towards inference, and 40 percent for training. GPT-3’s daily carbon footprint was been estimated to be equivalent to 50 pounds of CO2 or 8.4 tons of CO2 in a year.
AI’s Growing Carbon Footprint – State of the Planet
In 2019, University of Massachusetts Amherst researchers trained several large language models and found that training a single AI model can emit over 626,000 pounds of CO2, equivalent to the emissions of five cars over their lifetimes.
AI’s Growing Carbon Footprint – State of the Planet
What any compute guy is thinking about is securing power, land, permitting, and datacenter construction. While it may take you a year of waiting to get the GPUs, the lead times for these are much longer still.
IIIa. Racing to the Trillion-Dollar Cluster - SITUATIONAL AWARENESS
By the end of the decade, we are headed to $1T+ individual training clusters, requiring power equivalent to >20% of US electricity production. Trillions of dollars of capex will churn out 100s of millions of GPUs per year overall.
IIIa. Racing to the Trillion-Dollar Cluster - SITUATIONAL AWARENESS
We believe LLM inference is a new form of commodity that will quickly outgrow the rest of the compute market by orders of magnitude. Inference will trade more like electricity or oil than like other forms of compute currently trade. In order to maximize the value of this new commodity, a market will emerge, where inference producers (read: data centers) compete to give developers the best deal.
inference.net
When you have a conversation with someone on a train in an unfamiliar country, and you feel you understand them deeply without ever knowing their name. Or meeting someone for the second time, only to be surprised that they’re a completely different person than you initially thought. These moments are becoming rarer, and we feel lost without them.
Camaraderie at scale - by Eli Qian - Nonlinear
Moore’s Law is still intact allowing for more transistors and more cores, but power and I/O are becoming limiting factors.
Navigating the High Cost of AI Compute | Andreessen Horowitz
However, before you decide to cancel or downgrade as your card renewal approaches, you should talk to a customer representative to see if you can score a retention offer that makes the card worth keeping for another year.
The ultimate guide to credit card retention offers - The Points Guy
The price at which carbon allowances and carbon credits trade could become one of the most important macroeconomic variables.
The arc of carbon’s curve - by Peter Sainsbury
he price at which carbon allowances and carbon credits trade could become one of the most important macroeconomic variables.
The arc of carbon’s curve - by Peter Sainsbury
Making the emission targets more challenging is likely to help support the price of LCFS credits, but it’s doubtful as to whether this will be sustained
The knock-on effect: The curious case of California's LCFS program
CARB recently proposed targeting a 30% carbon intensity reduction by 2030, plus a new 90% carbon intensity reduction target by 2045.
The knock-on effect: The curious case of California's LCFS program
. For example, CARB is proposing to phaseout LCFS crediting for biomethane projects only after 2040
The knock-on effect: The curious case of California's LCFS program
igh credit prices have incentivised the production of renewable diesel across the country, while “book and claim” crediting means that biomethane generation from animal manure has been incentivised to happen wherever there is a connection to the gas pipeline network.
The knock-on effect: The curious case of California's LCFS program
Right now animal manure-based biomethane is a break even prospect at best. The challenge is made more difficult if the largest dairy farms have already been exploited.
The knock-on effect: The curious case of California's LCFS program
Even more than that the optimal strategy is to maximise the methane content of the animal manure. There’s no point investing in strategies that could reduce methane emissions, e.g. alternative feed, grazing animals on pasture where their manure breaks down with little methane release, supplements to reduce methane emissions, or even breeding low manure emitting cattle. In fact, the opposite is true. One of the most perverse examples of the Cobra effect.
The knock-on effect: The curious case of California's LCFS program
A company such as Riot also can profit by buying power at negotiated rates ahead of time — retail power companies allow big companies to lock in prices that way — then selling it back into the state market when energy prices soar during extreme heat or cold.
Why can’t more Texans profit like Bitcoin miners for using less power? | The Texas Tribune
Bitcoin miner Riot Platforms made headlines over the summer for making millions by selling pre-purchased power back to the grid.
Why can’t more Texans profit like Bitcoin miners for using less power? | The Texas Tribune
I think that the rewards for their behavior are so lucrative and unfair,”
Why can’t more Texans profit like Bitcoin miners for using less power? | The Texas Tribune
Extropic is shortcutting this inefficiency and unlocking the full potential of generative AI by implementing EBMs directly as parameterized stochastic analog circuits.
Ushering in the Thermodynamic Future - Litepaper
Change agricultural production methods to take advantage of biotic oxidation. Agriculture as it is most widely practised now is both reducing the natural processes that remove methane, and in some cases increasing methane emissions
What reaction can you do to remove methane? - Quora
1) Reduce the leakage of Natural gas from wells and pipelines and inefficient incomplete burning. Collect the methane from landfills and other manmade concentrated sources, so it can be burned as an energy source.
What reaction can you do to remove methane? - Quora
Biotic oxidation is accomplished by methanotrophs which are bacteria that eat methane as their only source of carbon and energy, which is then incorporated into organic compounds via the serine pathway or the ribulose monophosphate pathway.[2] Of all the natural methane sources and sinks, the biotic oxidation is the most responsive to variation in human activities.[3
What reaction can you do to remove methane? - Quora
Methane has basically 3 potential pathways for removal. Rapid oxidation, slow oxidation, biotic oxidation. Rapid oxidation is burning. Methane is essentially Natural gas and vice versa and will burn if exposed to an ignition source and concentrated enough.
What reaction can you do to remove methane? - Quora
There is no single climate strategy for the Global South, and climate action will differ enormously from country to country. Furthermore, just and equitable transitions may be particularly challenging for some countries.
Full article: The rise of the Global South and the rise in carbon emissions
Similar to the Global North, the Global South’s emissions are heavily concentrated: India and China alone account for some 60% and the top 10 countries for some 78% of the group’s emissions, while some 120 countries account for only 22%.
Full article: The rise of the Global South and the rise in carbon emissions
Failure to take any climate policy action would lead to annual emissions growth rates far above those that would prevent temperature increases beyond the focal points of 1.5°C and 2°C (figure E).
Ten facts about the economics of climate change and climate policy | Brookings
in today’s market, there isn’t sufficient supply of permanent storage solutions to meet even a fraction of the demand for carbon offsets. Similarly, there is a limited supply of high-quality short-term carbon removal credits to overbuy in a way that might approximate permanent storage (e.g., vertical stacking).
Carbon removal durability defined: Why it matters for carbon offsets | Carbon Direct
Finally, and critically: high-quality carbon removals, even temporary ones, are in short supply in today’s market. Vertical stacking requires overbuying up front. If there isn’t enough supply to even meet baseline demand without overbuying, it may be very difficult to find the extra credits needed for vertical stacking.
Carbon removal durability defined: Why it matters for carbon offsets | Carbon Direct
If carbon removal offsets are claiming to essentially cancel out emissions, are there ways that temporary carbon storage can help us to do this? There are two broad solutions that have been investigated in the scientific literature, which we have synthesized into the following strategies: Horizontal stacking: Sequentially buying offsets as they expire to permanently offset a tonne of CO₂. Firms seeking to neutralize their emissions in this way horizontally stack credits to create a continuous sequence of one tonne stored over time. Vertical stacking: Buying multiple short-term tonnes up front …
Carbon removal durability defined: Why it matters for carbon offsets | Carbon Direct
As of 2022, the vast majority of carbon removal credits sold in the voluntary carbon market only guarantee carbon storage for decades to a century. This is functionally the same as delaying emissions [2]. Temporary carbon storage does provide value. It can expand the pool of available carbon removal through short-term contracts that make it easier for landowners to enroll in carbon projects. It can also help to delay climate impacts, reduce peak warming, avoid climate tipping points, buy time for technology advances, and generate co-benefits like ecosystem services [3].
Carbon removal durability defined: Why it matters for carbon offsets | Carbon Direct
for CO₂ emissions to be fully neutralized, carbon must be stored permanently [1]. Any release of stored carbon—e.g., when that 20-year balloon pops—causes a net increase of atmospheric CO₂, terminating the interim efficacy of the carbon offset
Carbon removal durability defined: Why it matters for carbon offsets | Carbon Direct
“Coding” was never the source of value, and people shouldn’t get overly attached to it. Problem solving is the core skill. The discipline and precision demanded by traditional programming will remain valuable transferable attributes, but they won’t be a barrier to entry.
John Carmack on X: "“Coding” was never the source of value, and people shouldn’t get overly attached to it. Problem solving is the core skill. The discipline and precision demanded by traditional programming will remain valuable transferable attributes, but they won’t be a barrier to entry. Many…" / X
For energy, especially power markets, there are great trainings on ERCOT and PJM’s websites that kind of walk through power markets 101. It’s all about repetition. This market is esoteric and super hard to understand, even for people who have been working in it for years.
The Wild World of Energy Trading - by Art Lapinsch
I think there are going to be a lot of things that will change about life in Houston due to climate change, but I think people in ingenious and adaptive, and when pressed, we will find a way to make life work.
The Wild World of Energy Trading - by Art Lapinsch