Learned Helplessness at Fifty: Insights from Neuroscience
Learned helplessness, the failure to escape shock induced by uncontrollable aversive events, was discovered half a century ago. theorized that animals learned that outcomes were independent of their responses—that nothing they did mattered – ...
Psychol Rev . Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jul 1. Published in final edited form as: Psychol Rev. 2016 Jul;123(4):349–367. doi: 10.1037/rev0000033 Learned Helplessness at Fifty: Insights from Neuroscience Steven F Maier Steven F Maier 1 University of Colorado Find articles by Steven F Maier 1 , Martin E P Seligman Martin E P Seligman 2 University of Pennsylvania Find articles by Martin E P Seligman 2 Author information Copyright and License information 1 University of Colorado 2 University of Pennsylvania ✉ Corresponding author: Martin Seligman, Department of Psychology, Universit
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