flâneur

In Defense of Self-Direction - Cosmos Institute

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In the spring of 1831, Alexis de Tocqueville first set foot on American shores. What he encountered there would reshape his understanding of human potential. Traveling through New England’s townships, the young French aristocrat witnessed a form of social organization that seemed almost alien to his European eyes. In France, citizens looked upward to Paris, to prefects, to centralized bureaus for permission to act. Every local project required approval from distant authorities. The result was a population trained in dependence. But in these American townships, citizens looked to each other and to their own judgment. They founded schools when their children needed education, built bridges when commerce demanded passage, organized fire brigades when houses burned. No one had taught them to ask permission; no one had granted them authority. They acted through their own deliberation and developed their capacity for judgment through practice. Tocqueville’s profound insight was this: when ci

In the spring of 1831, Alexis de Tocqueville first set foot on American shores. What he encountered there would reshape his understanding of human potential. Traveling through New England’s townships, the young French aristocrat witnessed a form of social organization that seemed almost alien to his European eyes. In France, citizens looked upward to Paris, to prefects, to centralized bureaus for permission to act. Every local project required approval from distant authorities. The result was a population trained in dependence. But in these American townships, citizens looked to each other…

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