Ethica

BARUCH SPINOZA · 1677 English translation by R. H. M. Elwes. I Axiom 1 None

I Axiom 1 A1: Whatever is, is either in itself or in another. I Axiom 2 A2: What cannot be conceived through another, must be conceived through itself. I Axiom 3 A3: From a given determinate cause the effect follows necessarily; and conversely, if there is no determinate cause, it is impossible for an effect to follow. I Axiom 4 A4: The knowledge of an effect depends on, and involves, the knowledge of its cause. I Axiom 5 A5: Things that have nothing in common with one another also cannot be understood through one another, or the concept of the one does not involve the concept of…

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