Chronic pain – A maladaptive compensation to unbalanced hierarchical predictive processing - ScienceDirect
Fig. 1. Demographics and study design. The figure shows the distribution if (a) sex, (b) age and (c) hearing thresholds between the two groups. (d-f) shows a summary of the auditory oddball paradigm used in the study. Auditory stimuli consisted of 500 Hz tones (black notes), white noise bursts (red noise) and omitted stimuli (transparent noise burst; 1c). Sequences were comprised of 4 tones followed by a noise burst (d), tone (e), or omitted stimulus (f, g). The xxxxY protocol began with 100 % probability of the local deviant (global standard) sequence, followed by 75 % probability of the local deviant (d), 15 % probability of the local standard (global deviant; e), and 10 % probability of the omission XY (f) sequence. The omission protocol featured omission standard sequences with 100 % probability (g). cPEs were calculated by subtracting the two omission conditions, and sPEs were calculated by subtracting the global deviant and global standard conditions. Table 1. Behavioural results