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Python representation of negative integers - Stack Overflow

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Ask questions, find answers and collaborate at work with Stack Overflow for Teams. Explore Teams Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. Teams Q&A for work Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. I am having trouble figuring out how Python represents negative integers, and therefore how bit operations work. It is my understanding that Python attempts to emulate two's complement, but with any number of bits. Therefore, it is common to use 32-bit masks to force Python to set a standard size on integers before bit operations. As you can see in my example, -4 & 0xFFFFFFFF yields a large positive number. Why does Python seem to read this as an unsigned integer, instead of a two's complement negative number? Later, the operation ~(x ^ mask), which should yield the exact same two's complement bit pattern as the large positive, instead gives -4. What causes the conversion to a signed

Python representation of negative integers - Stack Overflow New: Stack Overflow For Agents. The next generation of knowledge exchange. Learn more Collectives™ on Stack Overflow Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. Learn more about Collectives Stack Internal Knowledge at work Bring the best of human thought and AI automation together at your work. Explore Stack Internal Python representation of negative integers Ask Question Asked 8 years, 7 months ago Modified 2 years, 9 months ago Viewed 17k times 25 >>> x = -4 >>> print("{} {:b}".format(x, x

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