The Subset Problem
The Subset Problem Search Open Notion The Subset Problem Most shared security schemes other than Replicated Security suffer from a fundamental security challenge known as the “subset problem”. To put it simply, this is a situation where a malicious subset of the provider chain’s validator set control a consumer chain and attack it in a way that they cannot be slashed for. There are two attacks possible here- a safety attack using incorrect execution (breaking the rules of the protocol without double signing), and a liveness attack where the validators just stop signing blocks, halting the chain completely until it hard forks (likely disrupting all use of the chain for weeks). The safety attack can be stopped by fraud or validity proofs (preventing money from being taken out of the chain if it has been attacked, and possibly slashing validators automatically), or a “fraud vote” where the guilty validators are slashed by a governance vote on the provider chain(s). Since this fraud vote m
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