Beyond NMC batteries: Supply chain issues for emerging battery technologies – Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025 – Analysis - IEA

If you wish to proceed, click on Connect. If you prefer to log into your personal account, please sign in below. Create a free IEA account to download our reports or subcribe to a paid service. Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries now supply almost half the global electric car market up from less than 10% in 2020, at the expense of the previously dominant nickel-based NMC lithium-ion batteries, due to improved performance and lower costs. This remarkable battery chemistry shift is leading to new battery critical mineral supply chains coming into focus beyond nickel and cobalt. Simultaneously, there is also the emergence of manganese-rich lithium-ion cathodes, sodium-ion batteries, as well as the anticipated impact of solid-state batteries in the years ahead, opening even more mineral supply chains. The LFP battery supply chain is significantly more concentrated in China compared to nickel-based supply chains, with over 98% of LFP cathode material and LFP battery cells produced

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• Shagun Maheshwari