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Upgrading Ethereum | 2.3.4 Casper FFG

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Many articles have been written to explain the basic mechanics of Casper FFG – how it works – but there is very little about why it works. I hope that by the end of this section you will feel that you have some insight into why Casper FFG is effective. The mechanics of Casper FFG are not very complicated. Even so, as you read on, bear in mind that the effectiveness of Casper FFG really comes down to two big ideas. First, the two-phase commit (justification and finalisation) and, second, accountable safety. The two-phase commit gives Casper FFG classical consensus safety. It makes it possible to declare blocks final, being certain that no honest validator will ever revert them. But that's enforceable only when over two-thirds of the stake is controlled by honest validators, something we cannot always assume. On top of this, Casper FFG offers an extra guarantee called accountable safety for situations when over one-third of the validators are dishonest. If the chain ever suffers from con

Upgrading Ethereum | 2.3.4 Casper FFG Part 2: Technical Overview Consensus Casper FFG Casper FFG adds finality to the Eth2 consensus protocol. It acts as an overlay on LMD GHOST consensus that modifies its fork choice rule. Casper FFG is classically safe under asynchrony when less than 1 3 \frac{1}{3} 3 1 ​ of validators are faulty or adversarial. Moreover, slashing allows Casper FFG to provide accountable safety, also known as economic finality, when more than 1 3 \frac{1}{3} 3 1 ​ are adversarial. Introduction Many articles have been written to explain the basic mechanics of Casper FFG – how

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