Clinical presentation and diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea in adults - UpToDate

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a disorder that is characterized by obstructive apneas, hypopneas, and/or respiratory effort-related arousals caused by repetitive collapse of the upper airway during sleep. The epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic approach, and complications of OSA are reviewed here. The pathogenesis and management of OSA are described separately. (See "Pathophysiology of upper airway obstruction in obstructive sleep apnea in adults" and "Obstructive sleep apnea: Overview of management in adults".) EPIDEMIOLOGY OSA is the most common sleep-related breathing disorder. OSA is most common among older males, but it can also affect females and children [1]. The incidence rises following menopause such that rates are similar in postmenopausal individuals [2,3]. The estimated prevalence in North America is approximately 15 to 30 percent in males and 10 to 15 percent in females, when OSA is defined broadly as an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) greater than five events pe

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