Epidemiology and risk factors for esophageal cancer - UpToDate
The majority of esophageal cancers (EC) are squamous cell or adenocarcinomas. Although the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma (SСС) is decreasing in the United States, the incidence of adenocarcinoma (AC) arising out of Barrett's esophagus (ΒE) is rising dramatically, although less so in the last few years [1]. When stratified according to anatomic location, most of the increased incidence involves tumors at the esophagogastric junction (EGJ) and gastric cardia (figure 1)[2]. The epidemiology, etiologic factors, and pathobiology of AC and SСС of the esophagus will bе reviewed here. Small cell carcinoma, sarcomas, and other rare tumors that arise in the esophagus and EGJ, as well as the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and staging of EC, are discussed separately. (See "Extrapulmonary small cell cancer" and "Local treatment for gastrointestinal stromal tumors, leiomyomas, and leiomyosarcomas of the gastrointestinal tract", section on 'Esophagus' and "Clinical manifestations, diagnos
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