The commuters’ burden: The relationship between commuting and wellbeing in Europe - ScienceDirect
Fig. 7. Impact of one extra hour of commuting time per week on wellbeing (=fixed effect plus random slope). Table A1. Output from the confirmatory factor analysis. Table A2. Model estimates from the main model for wellbeing. Table A3. Output from three multilevel models based on one of the indicators (see Fig. 3). These results confirm that the impact of commuting can spill over to other life domains such as health, work, and community and then affect subjective well-being. Many studies have confirmed that commuting mode has a direct impact on subjective well-being (Mao et al., 2016; Ye and Titheridge, 2017; Zhu and Fan, 2018; Zhu et al., 2019; Handy and Thigpen, 2019; Singleton, 2019; Zijlstra and Verhetsel, 2021). We found that commuting time and cost play a significant mediating role in the effect of commuting mode on subjective well-being and that the indirect effect has the opposite sign of the direct effect. Some scholars have also suggested ways of measuring hedonic well-being a
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