Acute kidney injury in children: Clinical features, etiology, evaluation, and diagnosis - UpToDate

INTRODUCTION Acute kidney injury (AKI) is defined as the abrupt loss of kidney function that results in a decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), retention of urea and other nitrogenous waste products, and dysregulation of extracellular volume and electrolytes. The term AKI has largely replaced acute kidney failure (AKF), as it more clearly defines kidney dysfunction as a continuum rather than a discrete finding of failed kidney function. Pediatric AKI presents with a wide range of clinical manifestations from a minimal elevation in serum creatinine to anuric kidney failure, arises from multiple causes, and occurs in a variety of clinical settings [1-7]. An overview of the causes, clinical presentation, and diagnosis of AKI in children will be presented here. The prevention, management, and outcomes of AKI in children and the approach to AKI in newborns are presented separately. (See "Prevention and management of acute kidney injury (acute renal failure) in children" and "Neonatal

INTRODUCTION Acute kidney injury (AKI) is defined as the abrupt loss of kidney function that results in a decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), retention of urea and other nitrogenous waste products, and dysregulation of extracellular volume and electrolytes. The term AKI has largely replaced acute kidney failure (AKF), as it more clearly defines kidney dysfunction as a continuum rather than a discrete finding of failed kidney function. Pediatric AKI presents with a wide range of clinical manifestations from a minimal elevation in serum creatinine to anuric kidney failure, arises from m