Introduction

“Reflections on life and death of those who in Breslau lived and died” is the title of a manuscript that Protestant pastor Caspar Neumann sent to mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in the late 17th century. Neumann had spent years keeping track of births and deaths in his Polish hometown now called Wrocław. Unlike sprawling cities like London or Paris, Breslau had a rather small and stable population with limited migration in and out. The parishes in town took due record of the newly born and deceased. Neumann’s goal was to find patterns in the occurrence of births and deaths. He thereby sought to dispel a persisting superstition that ascribed critical importance to certain climacteric years of age. Some believed it was age 63, others held it was either the 49th or the 81st year, that particularly critical events threatened to end the journey of life. Neumann recognized that his data defied the existence of such climacteric years. Leibniz must have informed the Royal Society of Ne

Home Ambitions of the 20th century Pattern classification Pattern classification, once again Prediction and action Chapter notes References “Reflections on life and death of those who in Breslau lived and died” is the title of a manuscript that Protestant pastor Caspar Neumann sent to mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in the late 17th century. Neumann had spent years keeping track of births and deaths in his Polish hometown now called Wrocław. Unlike sprawling cities like London or Paris, Breslau had a rather small and stable population with limited migration in and out. The parishes in

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