Ethereum Whitepaper | ethereum.org

An introductory paper to Ethereum, published in 2013 before its launch.

Copy .md Copy .md Before you read Looking to understand Ethereum? This whitepaper was published in 2014 , before Ethereum launched. After 10+ years of development, major upgrades, and ecosystem growth, the original whitepaper no longer reflects what Ethereum is today . Learn about Ethereum today Download original PDF (2014) What's changed since 2014? Ethereum moved from proof-of-work to proof-of-stake (The Merge, 2022) Layer 2 scaling solutions now process millions of transactions DeFi, NFTs, and DAOs emerged as major use cases Smart contract standards (ERC-20, ERC-721) became industry foundat

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